Story highlights
- Therapeutic Use Exemptions under the microscope in sport
- Tues revealed after WADA medical records hacked
(CNN)It's the latest acronym to take the world of sport by storm -- but what is a TUE?
Therapeutic Use Exemptions, which hit the headlines Tuesday after the World Anti-Doping Agency was hacked by Russian group Fancy Bears, were revealed to be used by a number of top athletes.
Olympic champion gymnast Simone Biles and tennis stars Serena and Venus Williams were the target of the attack, as well as US basketball player Elena Delle Donna.
But what are TUEs?
Simone Biles was one of the stars at Rio 2016.
TUEs
A TUE is an exemption that allows an athlete to use, for therapeutic purposes only, an otherwise prohibited substance or method.
They're often used because athletes may have illnesses or conditions which means they need to take certain medications.
If the medication which is needed is listed as a prohibited substance, a TUE could be given to allow the athlete to use the medication without breaking any doping laws.
Exemptions, which are only granted if no unfair advantage is given to the athlete, can be applied for through the athletes' national anti-doping agency or international federation.
The entire process is kept confidential to maintain the athlete's right to privacy.
Biles won four gold medals at the Rio Olympics.
Star names
In the case of Biles, whose data was leaked by the hackers, the teenager was revealed to be on medicine for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
Biles, who won four golds in Rio, took to Twitter, writing: "Having ADHD, and taking medicine for it is nothing to be ashamed of, nothing that I'm afraid to let people know."
She was staunchly defended by USA Gymnastics.
"Simone has filed the proper paperwork," said Steve Penny, the organization's president.
"Simone and everyone at U.S.A. Gymnastics believe in the importance of a level playing field for all athletes."
Serena and Venus have won three Olympic doubles titles.
Sisters targeted
Biles wasn't the only hackers' target -- the WIlliams sisters were dragged into the story as well.
The siblings, who have won four Olympic gold medals each during their careers, were reported to have taken a number of restricted substances between 2010-2015.
Both women had received TUEs for the medication.
Venus Williams issued a statement acknowledging her drug test results had been hacked and said that she had also been granted "therapeutic use exemptions," although she doesn't cite the reason for the exemption.
"I am one of the strongest supporters of maintaining the highest level of integrity in competitive sport and I have been highly disciplined in following the guidelines," she wrote.
The drug testing results for Team USA basketball player Elena Delle Donne were also revealed in the hack.
"I'd like to thank the hackers for making the world aware that I legally take a prescription for a condition I've been diagnosed with, which WADA granted me an exemption for. Thanks, guys!" she posted.
Are people taking advantage?
In 2015, athletics coach Alberto Salazar was accused of exploiting the TUEs system to give his athletes an edge without medical justification.
Salazar denied all the accusations and issued a 12,000 word response against the allegations.
But leading anti-doping experts and sport scientists say the current system could be manipulated.
"There is the potential, no doubt, for some organizations to use that to their advantage by trying to encourage athletes to indicate medical conditions which they may not actually have," Michele Verroken, founder of Sporting Integrity, told CNN.
"It is a potential area of risk and needs to be managed properly. The danger is that we end up with suspicion which is sad because people have exploited situations like this and they don't have severe heart conditions or asthma.
"We are in danger of medicalizing sport performance to get those marginal gains and that's a really sad fact."
Verroken is not alone in her skepticism. Leading sport scientist Ross Tucker took to social media to give his views on the TUE system and the WADA hack.
Drug testers warn dopers they will be caught eventually 01:56
"The hack thing is disturbing on many levels," Tucker wrote on Twitter.
"I'm all for transparency as a concept but not illegally. What it does threaten to show is how out of control the TUE system is (which most knew already, right? 'It's within the rules' is exactly what many have been critical of.
"On TUEs, it's crazy that you don't even need a TUE for cortisone out of competition. I'd say TUEs with short time limits OOC (out of competition), none in comp.
"So I'd say all TUEs scrapped in competition and a compromise to find is how they're allowed out of competition. Must have time limits on them."
Photos: Battling drug cheats
The World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) new report is the latest twist to hit the Russian doping scandal, building on Professor Richard Mclaren's initial findings, published in July, which concluded doping was widespread among Russian athletes.
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Photos: Battling drug cheats
More than 1,000 Russian athletes across 30 sports -- including football -- benefited from state-sponsored doping, according to the latest report.
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The doping program, across summer, winter and Paralympic sports, was in operation from 2011 to 2015, said Mr McLaren, who presented his latest findings at a news conference in London Friday.
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WADA's initial report on alleged widespread drug use in international athletics concluded that senior figures including IAAF president Sebastian Coe (pictured) "could not have been unaware of the extent of doping."
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Former WADA president Dick Pound chaired a press conference held in Munich on January 14, 2016 to present the 89-page report. It said "corruption was embedded" and "cannot be blamed on a small number of miscreants" within the IAAF.
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A report by the IAAF's ethics committee claims a powerful trio blackmailed Russian distance runner Lilya Shobukhova into paying them off to keep results of her positive drug tests secret.
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Russia's former athletics president Valentin Balakhnichev, its ex-chief coach for long-distance athletes Alexei Melnikov and former IAAF consultant Papa Massata Diack have all been banned for life. The report said "far from supporting the anti-doping regime, they subverted it." The IAAF's former anti-doping director Gabriel Dollé has been given a five-year ban.
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The report claims Balakhnichev, Melnikov and Papa Massata Diack "conspired together ... to conceal for more than three years anti-doping violations by an athlete at what appeared to be the highest pinnacle of her sport. All three compounded the vice of what they did by conspiring to extort what were in substance bribes from Shobukhova by acts of blackmail."
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Pound produced an independent report in November 2015 which detailed systemic doping in Russia along with an establishment effort to cover it up. He recommended Russia be banned from athletic competition, which it duly was by the IAAF.
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The findings uncovered a "deeply-rooted culture of cheating at all levels" within Russian athletics. Asked if it amounted to state-sponsored doping, Pound told reporters: "In the sense of consenting to it, there's no other conclusion."
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The report suggested the London 2012 Olympics -- in which Russia won 24 gold medals and finished fourth -- was "in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing."
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Pound's report detailed "corruption and bribery practices at the highest levels of international athletics," evidence of which has been given to international crime-fighting organization Interpol for further investigation.
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Senegal's Lamine Diack, former president of the IAAF, is being investigated by French police over claims he accepted bribes to defer sanctions against drug cheats from Russia. French prosecutors claim he took "more than €1 million ($1M)" for his silence. Diack has yet to comment.
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Coe, a former Olympic gold medalist, has come under fire for his praise for predecessor Diack, whom he called the sport's "spiritual leader" when he took over the role in August 2015. He told CNN he would "do anything to fix our sport."
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Travis T. Tygart, the USADA president, said that the hackers had attempted to "smear athletes to make it look as if they have done something wrong."
"The athletes haven't. In fact, in each of the situations, the athlete has done everything right in adhering to the global rules for obtaining permission to use a needed medication," he said in a statement.
Richard Ings, former head of Australia's anti-doping agency, also took to Twitter in the aftermath of the leak, writing: "Nothing I see here gives me cause for TUE alarm."
He added that between 2014/15 the Australian Sports Drug Medical Advisory Committee approved 234 TUE'S for medical use of banned substances.
He also wrote: " Content of the FancyBear hack does not trouble me. Standard TUE stuff. What troubles me is the failure to protect athlete medical records."
