In the summer of 2019, a small Chinese rocket
launched from an inland spaceport in the southern part of the country. Close-up photos, posted afterward on Chinese social media accounts, showed small grid fins affixed to the upper part of this Long March 2C rocket for the first time. They were virtually identical in design to the grid fins SpaceX uses to steer its Falcon 9 rocket through the atmosphere for landings on its ocean-based drone ships.
A year after this test, China's main space contractor
revealed plans to develop the ability to reuse its Long March 8 booster, which is powered by
kerosene fuel, the same type of power that fuels SpaceX rockets. By 2025, Chinese officials
said, this rocket would be capable of landing on a sea platform like SpaceX's Falcon 9 booster.
And it is not just the Chinese government contractors that are emulating SpaceX. A growing number of semi-private Chinese companies have also announced plans to develop reusable rockets. Chinese firms such as
LinkSpace and
Galactic Energy have released schematics that seem to mimic SpaceX technology.
None of this should be particularly surprising. Government-launched enterprises in both
Russia and
Europe also recently revealed plans to develop reusable rockets that are similar both in appearance and function to the Falcon 9 booster. But what makes the Chinese efforts to emulate SpaceX particularly notable is the country's expansive ambitions in space and its vast resources to back up these long-term goals.
Earlier this month, the Chinese government signed an agreement with Russia to work together to build a
Moon base. China has also begun
planning to launch crewed missions to Mars and deploy a massive space-based, commercial-scale
solar power plant by 2050. They're playing the long game, and they're playing to win.
Based on China's recent accomplishments in space, it would be wise to take these grand ambitions seriously. In December, China became only the third nation to
return Moon rocks to Earth. Later this spring, it will
seek to join the United States as only the second country to land and operate a rover on the surface of Mars.
All the while, China is racing across a number of other fronts in space, from building an
orbital space station to
maturing anti-satellite capabilities in space to
establishing a base on the moon.
As China advances in space, NASA has spent more than $20 billion building a large rocket,
the Space Launch System,
that could soon be obsolete. And flying this single-use rocket is so expensive that, in combination with its
Artemis program, NASA could exceed its congressional funds by more than
43%.
NASA could also
abandon the International Space Station in a few years. Meanwhile, China is
training European astronauts and teaching them Chinese so that they might visit its large, modular space station. Some of these European astronauts may subsequently
join the China-Russia lunar exploration effort.
Increasingly, the US' main advantage over China lies in its burgeoning commercial space industry, led by SpaceX. If America wants to compete, it should unleash the full potential of SpaceX and other commercial space companies that seek to go further in space, faster and for less money. This kind of public-private partnership has already worked in low-Earth orbit, with NASA buying services from companies such as SpaceX,
Northrop Grumman and Boeing to deliver cargo and astronauts to the International Space Station.
This is one reason why,
about five years ago, China began
backing dozens of companies to commercialize rockets and satellites. The 21st century space race, therefore, is not so much between China and NASA. Rather, it is between China and the US commercial space industry.
Nearly a decade ago, SpaceX attracted international acclaim when it began to successfully land its Falcon 9 rockets, accomplishing an engineering feat many previously deemed impossible or impractical. While historically rocket boosters have been discarded in the ocean after they expend their fuel on the way to orbit, SpaceX
figured out how to land its boosters upright on platforms at sea and on land, allowing the company to recover and refurbish the rockets and save money.
Later, the company strapped three of these Falcon 9 cores together to build a larger and much more powerful rocket, called the
Falcon Heavy. And it is now testing an even larger, reusable booster, its
Starship vehicle, intended to ferry humans to and from Mars.
In late February, China unveiled strikingly similar space plans. The country's space agency said it would build a
triple core rocket, which looks like a SpaceX Falcon Heavy. And it also confirmed plans to move forward with its titanic Long March 9 rocket, capable of lifting as much as 140 metric tons to low-Earth orbit,
the same amount as the Saturn V rocket, an American super heavy-lift launch vehicle that remains the
most powerful rocket that has ever flown successfully.
This massive rocket would be unlike anything NASA built, however; Chinese officials, taking a page from the SpaceX playbook, said they would like it to be reusable. And, they added, they aim to one day launch the Long March 9 to take its taikonauts to Mars.
While SpaceX became a transformational space company, the US and China have been locked in an increasingly intense battle for influence and economic resources on Earth. That conflict, which has already emerged in low-Earth orbit, will extend to the Moon and eventually Mars in the coming decades. In the contest for geopolitical influence and economic wealth, space will come to represent the ultimate high ground.
China is definitely going.
For now, the US and NASA have the advantage of a more robust space program and a stronger commercial space industry. But for the last decade, the US commercial space industry has succeeded despite Congress, not because of it. Unless Congress and NASA more closely embrace commercial space and follow a bold plan of exploration, China's constancy of purpose and mimicking of Western strengths will overcome this head start.