What makes 'Lift Every Voice and Sing' so iconic

The "Liberty" of which James Weldon Johnson wrote included the rights and protections that citizens of African descent in the United States were promised but had yet to receive. Although written more than a generation after the enslaved emancipated themselves during the US Civil War, the song spoke to a world rife with Jim Crow segregation and the threat of mob violence and lynching.

Captives being brought on board a slave ship on the west coast of Africa, circa 1880. Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Getty Images

This lyric is an acknowledgment of the conditions that many listeners would have known intimately in the moment of the song's composition: slavery. A system of brutal inhumanity, slavery instilled in those captured African women and men a will to survive often bolstered by religious beliefs ("faith") that guaranteed future freedom and redemption.

American educator, economist and industrialist Booker T. Washington (1856-1915), founder of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Hulton Archive/Getty Images

In the moment of the song's release, Johnson was an educator in Jacksonville, Florida, who was quickly setting his sights on the integrated North. The turn-of-the-century US was blossoming, slowly but surely, with new forms of popular culture and racial politics guided by influential leaders, including Booker T. Washington. At this point in his life, Johnson had every reason to believe that Black Americans would play a pivotal role in bringing about the nation's better days.

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Public marching was quickly becoming an important protest strategy in early 20th century as Black communities used their numbers to put pressure on local and national politicians and institutions. Victory was nothing short of equal rights and full inclusion, which entailed meeting and expanding the letter of the law. The gains made during this period—some of which Johnson advanced—set the stage for later racial justice movements.

This line alludes to history and the many obstacles Black Americans endured since the Transatlantic Slave Trade. It underscores how the political gains of the era of Reconstruction were completely erased and replaced with an oppressive system of Jim Crow.

A slave whip and shoes are on display as part of an exhibit at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum and Library. Hulton Archive/Getty Images

The "chastening rod" immediately conjures images of the brutal whippings endured by enslaved Black people on plantations. White enslavers utilized these beatings as a way to debase and infantilize enslaved people.

Groups of unemployed gather in front of the White House before parading in protest in Washington in 1930. AP Photo/File

These words signal African Americans' gradual progress and forward movement—despite the many roadblocks along the way.

Abraham Lincoln at the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave slaves their freedom. Hulton Archive/Getty Images

These words capture the realization of the dream of African Americans who, by the start of the Civil War, saw freedom on the horizon. By the time these lyrics were written, Black Americans had secured their freedom, realizing the goal of their ancestors.

African American history is filled with stories of sorrow and death. The tears of those who remained paved the way for generations—as a painful reminder that the fight for freedom and rights was not an easy one.

The mob lynching a Black man in Clarkson St, New York. From the Illustrated London News - 8th August 1863. Hulton Archive/Getty Images

The blood in this stanza alludes to lynching and other acts of white mob violence that shaped Black life during the 19th and 20th centuries.

These words capture the spirit of strength and resilience. Despite the painful experiences of the past, Black Americans do not have to hang their heads in shame. They can stand together in confidence that all their hopes and aspirations will one day be true.

A Black congregation posed outside of church in Georgia circa 1899-1900. Everett/Shutterstock

The last verse is overtly religious. Churches were key institutions in Black communities after emancipation. By 1900, congregations embraced Victorian middle-class values and disparaged the emotional religious expression they associated with enslavement. In this song, suffering is muted, "weary" and "silent," and the music and lyrics offer a "respectable" form of protest. A few years later, though, Pentecostalism would revive overt emotion in Black worship and lay the groundwork for gospel and soul music, the songs of the civil rights movement, and even hip hop.

The Johnson brothers were worldly—James was one of the first Black attorneys and became a diplomat and civil rights activist, while Rosamond was a composer who would help to originate the Broadway musical. Religious Blacks worried about the temptations and pitfalls of the world, and community-minded statements such as this song warned young people to steer clear of the danger. Future Black leaders as diverse as Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm X would stress the need for spiritual discipline in everyday life and in social struggle.

Jacksonville school officials no doubt encouraged the inclusion of these patriotic sentiments, but this final phrase also reflects the Johnsons' and many other Blacks' faith in a better future in America. Before and after 1900, separatists perceived the US as a racist land that would never welcome Blacks, but integrationists such as the Johnson brothers argued that persuasion, protest, and organizing ultimately would create the coexistence of the races and equal opportunity for all. Such opposing views persist today.